#include library header file(s)
using namespace std;
main function
other functions

• cin >>
  • cin >> x;
  • chaining
    • cin >> a >> b >> c;
• cout  <<
  • line breaks -
    •   \n
    • only within a string
  • endl
  • not within a string
  • printing multiple items with 1 cout statement
    • cout << "\n The answer is " << result
• output formatting
  • setprecision
  • fixed
  • showpoint
  • setw
    
    
• File I/O (input and output)
  • An input file is an existing file containing the data a program will use.
  • An output file is created by the program.
• Using input and output files
  • Declare the file variable(s)
  • Open the file(s)
  • read from or write to the file(s)
  • close the file(s)
• Declaring a file variable
  • fstream library   <fstream> must be #included
  • ifstream filevariable-name;     // input file
    • ifstream infile;
  • ofstream  filevariable-name;      //  output file
    • ofstream outfile;
• Opening a file
  • input-filevariable-name.open("input-file-name");
    • infile.open("prog0.inp");
  • output-filevariable-name.open("output-file-name");
    • outfile.open("prog0.out");
• Reading from/ writing to a file
  • input-filevariable-name >> variable;
    • infile >> score;
  • output-filevariable-name << expresseion;
    • outfile << average;
• Closing a file
  • file-variablename.close( );
    • infile.close( );
    • outfile.close();

• compound statements
  • { }
• logical expressions
  • evaluate to true or false
• relational operators
  • = =
    • be careful !
  • !=
  • >
  • >=
  • <
  • <=
• decision
  • if
    • if ( logical expression )

    
          statement

  • if-else
    • if ( logical expression )

    
        statement
    else
        statement

  • if - else if
    • if ( logical expression )

    
        statement
    else if ( logical expression )
        statement
    else if ( logical expression )
    ...........
    else         // optional
         statement

  • switch
    • switch ( expression )   // expression type must be int or char

    
    {
            case  value :   statement;
                                  statement;
                                  ...............
                                  break;
            ...................
            default:           statement;       // default case is optional
                                  .............
    }

• loops
  • while
    • while ( logical expression )
      {
           statements
      }
      
  • for
    • for ( init ;  logical expression ;  increment )
      {
          statements
      }
      
  • do - while
    • do
      {
           statements
      } while ( logical expression );
• nested loops

• user-defined functions which return a single value
  • function definition
    • return-type  function-name (parameter-list)
      {
          statements
          return  expression ;
      }
  • function prototype
    • return-type  function-name (parameter-type-list)
  • function call
    • var = function-name ( argument-list );
    • cout << return-type  function-name (parameter-list);
• user defined functions that do not return a single value
  • return type void
  • functions returning no values
    • void print_stuff ( int x, double y, int z );
  • functions returning multiple values
    • all values should be returned through reference parameters
    • void sum_product( double n1, double n2, double &sum, double &product);

• The same name may be used for 2 or more functions, as long as their parameter lists are separable.

• a default argument is passed to the function parameter if the actual argument is left out of the call
• default arguments are specified in the prototype only.
  • double sum ( double a, double b = 0, double c = 0, double d = 0 );
    • x = sum ( w, x, y, z );
    • x = sum ( w, x, y );
    • x = sum ( w, x );
    • x = sum ( w );

• 1-dimensional
  • syntax
  • declaration
    • use constant for size
  • initialization
  • element access
  • no bounds checking!
  • traversals
  • passing arrays to functions
    • passed by reference by default
    • const qualify to protect contents
    • common algorithms
      • find total, largest, smallest, count occurrences
• parallel arrays
• 2 (+) dimensional
  • syntax
  • declaration
    • global constants for dimension sizes appropriate
  • element access
  • traversals
    • row order
    • column order
  • passing to functions